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Lawvere & Schanuel, 2009.

Lawvere also asks (and then answers), "What is a space and how can quantities vary over a space?", "spaces actually arise and are used in mathematical science, they have two main general conceptual features: first they serve as an arena for "becoming" (there are spaces of states as well as spaces of locations) and secondly they serve as domains for variable quantity." (1992).

Along the same lines we could consider Aristotle's final cause R to be a space. Then, success of a course of actions, i.e. efficient cause measured using a binary system, can vary over that space. Furthermore, both the material cause and the "labor" aspect of the efficient cause would vary over R as well.

In this model, Fairy Godmother would be a realization for the efficient cause, while Cinderella would play the role of a corresponding material cause, i.e. labor. By analogy, startup founders shape investor capital to succeed in the market.

As a result, we have a space of variable quantity for becoming successful.
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Let's use Aristotle's four causes to probe and reveal hidden gems in the Three Little Pigs story, while keeping an eye on potential categorical implications.

Aristotle's theory proposes four main types of causes:
1) Material cause -- an undifferentiated raw material, e.g. straw, sticks, bricks. (M – material)
2) Formal cause –- a form that gives shape to a material. (P – package)
3) Efficient cause –- an active effort to apply a form to a material. (T – technology)
4) Final cause –– an end, a purpose, a final use worth bothering with the whole effort. (R - result)

How does this theory work for the Little Pigs?

1) We have three types of raw materials: a) actual physical materials: straw, etc.; b) pigs' raw labor – a day per each; c) wolf's effort.
2) We also have three types of form: a) house design; b) labor organization that divides each pig's day into work and fun; c) wolf's labor, e.g. trickstery and blowing.
3) Each character (pig/wolf) acts an efficient cause because they shape both the material and their own labor.
4) The purpose for the pigs is to have fun and repel the wolf. For the wolf, it's eating the pigs.

PxT --> MxM --> R.
PxT --> MxM --> RxR. ( when we consider a zero-sum game between the pigs and the wolf).

The outcomes are binary: success(true) and failure (false). Therefore, we can use booleans to measure them, which in turn allows us to apply boolean algebra, so that we can easily evaluate and compare various uses of resources and technology.
Our choice of booleans has an important implications because it helps build a dynamic model that shows life-changing reversals from failure to success and back. (being vs becoming).
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“Aristotle made these points clear:
"But the virtues are not in this point analogous to the arts. The products of art have their excellence in themselves, and so it is enough if when produced they are of a certain quality; but in the case of the virtues, a man is not said to act justly or temperately (or like a just or temperate man) if what he does merely be of a certain sort—he must also be in a certain state of mind when he does it: i.e., first of all, he must know what he is doing; secondly, he must choose it, and choose it for itself; and, thirdly, his act must be the expression of a formed and stable character.”

--- John Dewey. “Ethics.”


We might be experiencing a one-in-two-thousand years shift where the product of art and the artist are being judged by a converging set of criteria.

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